Gravitational Lensing and Optical Geometry - A Centennial Perspective

Abstract

A variety of mathematical approaches have been applied to study this effect, both in 3-space and in spacetime. In particular, we will consider the following: Mathematical properties of the standard thin lens approximation, for instance image multiplicity and topology; complex formalism and lensing invariants; Optical geometry, both Riemannian for static spacetimes, and Randers–Finsler for stationary spacetimes; the Gauss–Bonnet method and related approaches....