Lithium-Ion Batteries

Abstract

The anthropogenic release of greenhouse gases, especially carbon dioxide (CO2), has resulted in a notable climate change and an increase in global average temperature since the mid-20th century [1,2]. To arrive at the margin of a 2 ◦C global temperature rise, it is essential to design and execute a multiscale comprehensive action plan to effectively mitigate climate change before its impacts overwhelm our ability to manage the situation [3–5]. Electrochemistry is a powerful tool for designing diverse CO2 mitigation approaches that can effectively help prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. Several implementations of electrochemical systems are being considered within the electrochemistry and climate change framework. Besides emerging tasks such as CO2 capture [6–8] and conversion [9–11], electrochemical systems are mainly being developed to help integrate renewable energy into electricity systems, through developing electrochemical energy storage systems such as batteries. Batteries are currently being developed to power an increasingly wide range of applications, including electrification of transportation [12,13] and grid-scale energy storage [14,15]. Large-scale developments and implementations of batteries offer sustainable energy supply based on renewables, which is a major step toward reducing CO2 emissions associated with the energy sector and ultimately assisting in climate change mitigation.